хI-лITES мARCH 94. аRTICLES OF GENERAL INTEREST FROM THE мARCH 1994 ISSUE OF "тHE цOMMODORE мAIлINK", NEWSLETTER OF "мEETING 64/128 уSERS тHROUGH THE мAIL". аDDRESS: 1576б цOUNTY рOAD 2350 е, сT.йOSEPH, ил. 61873. пERMISSION IS GIVEN TO REPRINT ANY OF THIS MATERIAL IF CREDIT IT GIVEN TO "тHE цOMMODORE мAIлиNK", AND TO "мEETING 64/128 уSERS тHROUGH THE мAIL". иN ADDITION TO THE MATERIAL HERE, THE 16 PAGE ISSUE CONTAINED GROUP BUSINESS, A "бUY/сELL/тRADE" COLUMN, "яUESTIONS" COLUMN, AND SOME OFFERS OF MATERIAL AT THE COST OF POSTAGE, FOR MEMBERS. цONVERTERS иMPORTING тEXT AND гRAPHICS INTO геос BY бOB хUNTER мANY геос USERS USE NON-геос WORD PROCESSING AND DRAWING/PAINTING PROGRAMS TO PREPARE THE TEXT AND GRAPHICS THAT ARE THE BASIC COMPONENTS OF A геос DOCUMENT. хERE, и'LL TELL ABOUT THE TOOLS THAT и USE TO IMPORT TEXT AND GRAPHICS FROM NON-геос SOURCES INTO MY GEOвRITE AND GEOпUBLISH DOCUMENTS. и'LL START BY DESCRIBING HOW THE GRAPHIC ABOVE, WHICH IS PART OF THE COVER MY DAUGHTER аLLIE PREPARED WITH THE вINDOWS PROGRAM цORELдрав FOR THE сUMMER, 1993, ISSUE OF OUR FAMILY NEWSLETTER, WAS BROUGHT INTO THIS COLUMN. аLLIE SAVED THE GRAPHIC IN пць, THE FORMAT OF пц пAINTBRUSH PICTURES, AND и USED иCONVERT TO CONVERT IT FROM пць TO дOODLE. иCONVERT IS A SHAREWARE ибм PROGRAM THAT CAN CONVERT GRAPHICS FROM MANY ибм PROGRAMS TO цбм'S дOODLE, пRINTмASTER, AND пRINT сHOP FORMATS AND VICE VERSA. нEXT и COPIED THE GRAPHIC TO A цOMMODORE DISK WITH THE цOMMODORE <-> ибм FILE TRANSFER UTILITY бIG бLUE рEADER. и CHOSE "н" WHEN ASKED IF и WANTED TRANSLATION TO цOMMODORE асции AND RETENTION OF THE SAME FILENAMES, THE LATTER CHOICE ENABLING ME TO PUT A ",п" AFTER EACH FILENAME SO THAT THE GRAPHIC WOULD BE SAVED IN PROGRAM, NOT SEQUENTIAL, FORMAT. тHEN и USED гRAPHIC сTORM TO CONVERT THE GRAPHIC INTO A PHOTO SCRAP, WHICH GEOпUBLISH ACCEPTS. гRAPHIC сTORM IS A PUBLIC DOMAIN PROGRAM THAT CAN CONVERT пRINTсHOP, пRINT мASTER, AND нEWSROOM (PHOTOS) GRAPHICS INTO PHOTO ALBUM PAGES AND MONOCHROME BITMAP (SUCH AS фLEXIDRAW) AND дOODLE FILES INTO GEOпAINT OR PHOTO SCRAP FILES. тEXT цONVERTERS бOTH геос 2.0 AND GEOпUBLISH INCLUDE тEXT гRABBER, WHICH ENABLES ITS USER TO TAKE A FILE PRODUCED BY A цOMMODORE WORD PROCESSOR AND CONVERT IT INTO A GEOвRITE DATA FILE. иT ALSO HAS фORM FILES FOR A FEW WORD PROCESSORS SO THAT THE FORMATTING DIRECTIONS FROM THE WORD PROCESSOR WILL BE PRESERVED WHEN A TEXT FILE IS CONVERTED TO GEOвRITE FORMAT. сOMETIMES MY DAUGHTER CONVERTS PRINTED TEXT INTO асции WITH A SCANNER. тO USE SUCH TEXT IN геос, и COPY IT TO A цOMMODORE DISK WITH бIG бLUE рEADER BEFORE USING тEXT гRABBER OR THE PUBLIC DOMAIN PROGRAM вRONG IS вRITE TO CONVERT THE TEXT INTO GEOвRITE FORMAT. гRAPHICS цONVERTERS гEOвRITE AND GEOпUBLISH CAN IMPORT GEOпAINT PHOTO SCRAPS. тWO PROGRAMS THAT и USE FOR PRODUCING PHOTO SCRAPS FROM NON-геос PROGRAMS ARE гRAPHICS гRABBER AND гRAPHIC сTORM.. тHE FORMER, WHICH IS PART OF бERKELEY сOFTWORKS'S дESKпACK, CAN CONVERT пRINT сHOP, пRINTмASTER, AND нEWSROOM GRAPHICS INTO PHOTO SCRAPS OR PHOTO ALBUM PAGES. оTHER GRAPHICS CONVERSION PROGRAMS и USE ARE аUTOGRAPH, фUN гRAPHICS мACHINE, AND иCON фACTORY. мY FIRST SUCH PROGRAM WAS иCON фACTORY, WHICH NOT ONLY CAN CONVERT AMONG пRINT сHOP, пRINTмASTER, нEWSROOM, AND MANY OLDER DRAWING/PAINTING PROGRAMS BUT ALSO CAN ENLARGE GRAPHICS AND REDUCE PICTURES. вITH IT IS гRAFIX лINK, WHICH CAN CONVERT THESE TO GEOпAINT FILES. аUTOGRAPH IS A PUBLIC DOMAIN PROGRAM WHICH CAN CONVERT AMONG MANY POPULAR DRAWING/ PAINTING PROGRAMS. фгмACHINE CAN LOAD PICTURES OF ALL KINDS AND SAVE THEM AS MONOCHROME BITMAPS. и ALSO FIND USEFUL THE PUBLIC DOMAIN PROGRAM пAINT-сCRAP, WHICH CAN CONVERT A GEOпAINT FILE OF ANY SIZE INTO A PHOTO SCRAP SO THAT IT CAN BE PASTED INTO A GEOпUBLISH DOCUMENT. сCRAP иT!, A SIMILAR SHAREWARE PROGRAM WHICH и HAVEN'T YET USED, IS HIGHLY RECOMMENDED. тO USE ибм GRAPHICS IN геос, и CONVERT THEM TO A цOMMODORE FORMAT WITH иCONVERT, TRANSFER THEM TO A цOMMODORE DISK WITH бIG бLUE рEADER, AND CONVERT THEM INTO GEOпAINT FORMAT OR A PHOTO SCRAP WITH гRAPHICS гRABBER OR гRAPHIC сTORM. инс 'н оутс - бROWN бOXES иNC. (пART 2) BY йOE фENN (кILROY) аUTO сTART. тO HAVE YOUR BOX FIRE UP WITH CERTAIN COLORS WHEN POWERED UP, WRITE THE FOLLOWING SHORT BASIC PROGRAM,(WORKS IN 64 OR 128 MODE). 5 иф пеек(65534)=23 тхен а=53280:б=53281:ц=241:плаы"гцеа" 7 иф пеек(65534)=72 тхен а=53280:б=53281:ц=646 9 покеа,0:покеб,0:покец,1: рем сет сцреен анд теьт цолорс 11 рем иф ин 128 моде анд ыоу хеар мусиц бут сцреен ис бланк, цхецк ыоур 40/80 свитцх анд сее иф ит матцхес ыоур монитор свитцх. 15 * REM сее фуртхер инструцтионс... а ыOU CAN CHANGE THE VALUES OF а, б, & ц IN LINE 9 TO WHATEVER YOU PREFER FOR COLORS. аFTER TYPING IN THE ABOVE DO THIS. ^ST 'START' (CR) IN DIRECT MODE (EITHER 64 OR 128 MODE). <^ (CARRET) IS THE UPARROW KEY.> тHIS PUTS THE PGM INTO THE BOX. нEXT, ACTIVATE THE мгр IN THE BOX YOU'RE WORKING WITH, AND CHOOSE 'а' FROM ITS MENU (аUTOSTART A PROGRAM). иT WILL ASK YOU FOR THE 2-LETTER ид OF THE SHORT PROGRAM ABOVE. гIVE IT 'ST' AND (CR). иT WILL ADVISE YOU THAT THE BOX IS NOW SET FOR AUTOSTARTUP. пUSH YOUR RESET BUTTON AND жOILA! YOUR COLORS ARE SET UP AND THE ябб мENU APPEARS. иF HOWEVER YOU SEE A BLANK SCREEN (128 MODE ONLY) BUT HEAR MUSIC 'MY DOG HAS FLEAS', CHECK YOUR MONITOR SWITCH AND YOUR 40/80 COL KEYBOARD SWITCH AND MAKE SURE THEY ARE THE SAME. аCTUALLY WITH THIS AUTOBOOT FEATURE YOU COULD HAVE ANY PROGRAM, SUCH AS YOUR FAVORITE WORD PROCESSOR OR WHATEVER, COME UP WHEN POWER IS TURNED ON. йUST CHOOSE THE 2-LETTER ид FOR IT AND USE SAME PROCEDURES AS ABOVE. иN FACT CHANGE LINE 15 OF THE PROGRAM TO '*PW' (WHERE PW IS THE ID" FOR THE WORD PROCESSOR YOU HAVE IN YOUR BOX). нOW IT NOT ONLY SETS UP INITIAL COLORS, BUT PROCEEDS TO LOAD YOUR вп INSTEAD OF JUST CALLING THE ябб MENU SCREEN. аS YOU KNOW, MANY PROGRAMS SUCH AS THE поцкет SERIES ARE HEAVILY PROTECTED; THEREFORE YOU CAN'T JUST TELL THE мANAGER TO LOAD THEM AS IT WON'T WORK. ыOU CAN HOWEVER (USING YOUR ORIGINAL пв DISK) SET ALL YOUR DEFAULTS AS YOU WANT THEM, INCLUDING COLORS, PRINT DRIVER TO USE, PRINT CODES SET PROPERLY, ETC. тHEN YOU USE SOMETHING LIKE THE сUPERSNAPSHOT ж5 CARTRIDGE OR THE ар5 дATEL CARTRIDGE TO MAKE A SNAPSHOT OF THE PROGRAM. и RECOMMEND THE сUPERсNAPSHOT ж5 AS IT WILL LET YOU SAVE A PROGRAM LONGER THAN 202 BLOCKS AS 1 FILE RATHER THAN SPLITTING IT INTO 2 FILES. тO GET IT INTO THE ябб IT MUST BE 1 FILE UNLESS YOU ARE SAVVY ENOUGH TO MAKE YOUR OWN BOOT FILE BY REVISING THE мл CODE. ыOU CAN HOWEVER USE THE дATEL ар5 TO CREATE A SINGLE FILE SNAPSHOT IF YOU CHOOSE THE 'тURBO сAVE' OPTION. тHE REASON IS THE 'тURBO сAVE' OPTION WILL CREATE A SINGLE FILE LONGER THAN THE 202 BLOCK SIZE LIMIT. ыOU MUST HOWEVER THEN USE THE ар5 CARTRIDGE TO RELOAD THE FILE WHICH MAY BE AS LONG AS 215 BLOCKS OR SO. тHEN YOU USE A CRUNCHER SUCH AS дател 'сUPERCRUNCH'. тHIS WILL BRING THE SIZE OF THE FILE DOWN TO ABOUT 185 BLOCKS. аFTER THAT YOU NO LONGER MUST LOAD IT USING THE CARTRIDGE. иT NOW CAN BE PUT INTO THE ябб (64 MODE ONLY) AS A SINGLE FILE. тHESE REMARKS PERTAIN ONLY TO пOCKET SERIES дси PROGRAMS WHICH ARE ALL OVER THE 202 BLOCK LIMIT AFTER SNAPPED. аNY OTHER WORD PROCESSOR YOU WOULD RATHER PUT INTO THE BOX SUCH AS 'SPEEDSCRIPT' OR OTHER UNPROTECTED VERSIONS THAT ARE NOT LONGER THAN APPROX 200 BLOCKS YOU JUST LOAD USING THE 64 MANAGER. пROGRAMS SUCH AS 'SPEEDSCRIPT' ARE TREATED JUST LIKE BASIC PROGRAMS BY THE ябб MANAGER SO NO NEED TO TINKER WITH THE 'ENTRY ADDRESS' OR 'START ADDRESS'. тHIS ALSO HOLDS TRUE FOR ANY FILES THAT ARE бLITZ FILES. нOTE 'сUPERCRUNCH' IS цOPYRIGHTED BY рио дATEL цORP. ар5 IS ALSO THEIR PRODUCT FOR SNAPSHOTTING. сUPERSNAPSHOT ж5 IS PRODUCED BY лмс CORP OF цANADA. блитз! IS COPYRIGHTED BY сKYLES еLECTRIC вORKS. и WILL FOLLOW UP WITH MORE INFO ON GETTING 128 FILES INTO YOUR ябб IN PART 3. рEPRINTED WITH PERMISSION FROM 'оN-лINE', NEWSLETTER OF цOMMODORE хAWAII цOMMODORE уSERS гROUP (цхуг). мAY/йUNE 1993. едитор: а PRELIMINARY ARTICLE ON яUICK бROWN бOXES BY кILROY APPEARED IN THE нOVEMBER, 1993, ISSUE OF цOMMODORE мAIлINK. пART 1 OF THE 'инс 'н оутс - бROWN бOXES иNC.' SERIES APPEARED IN THE йANUARY, 1994, ISSUE. пART 3 WILL APPEAR IN THE мAY, 1994, ISSUE. миндс витхин миндс BY гREGG хOOVER иT MAY SEEM INCREDIBLE THAT SUCH MENIAL FUNCTIONS AS ADDING, SUBTRACTING, андING, AND орING ARE ALL THAT ARE NECESSARY TO CREATE YOUR FAVORITE COMPUTER PROGRAM. бUT THE FACT IS THAT THESE ARE THE MOST COMPLEX OPERATIONS THAT YOUR COMPUTER PERFORMS. аND EVEN THOUGH THESE INDIVIDUAL OPERATIONS ARE PRACTICALLY NOTHING BY THEMSELVES THEY CAN BE PUT TOGETHER IN VARIOUS WAYS AND EXECUTED AT LIGHTNING SPEED TO PERFORM SEEMING MIRACLES. вHEN WE THINK OF A BRAIN AND WHAT IT DOES, THREE THINGS USUALLY COME TO MIND: фIRST, A BRAIN IS CONNECTED TO A BODY. иT RECEIVES INFORMATION FROM SENSORY ORGANS, COMMUNICATES IN VARIOUS WAYS, AND MOVES THE BODY AND LIMBS. вE'LL CALL THIS INPUT AND OUTPUT OR 'и/о'. сECOND, A BRAIN 'KNOWS' THINGS. иT STORES INFORMATION TO BE RECALLED WHEN NEEDED. вE'LL CALL THIS ABILITY TO STORE INFORMATION 'MEMORY'. тHIRD, A BRAIN THINKS. иT GATHERS INFORMATION FROM OUTSIDE AND FROM WITHIN, MAKES COMPARISONS, CALCULATES, EVALUATES, REARRANGES, ETC. TO ARRIVE AT SOME CONCLUSION. вE'LL CALL THIS 'PROCESSING'. нOW LET'S SEE HOW THESE THREE THINGS, MEMORY, и/о, AND PROCESSING, APPLY TO YOUR COMPUTER. а COMPUTER IS AN ELECTRONIC BRAIN AND ITS VARIOUS COMPONENTS, THE MONITOR, DRIVES, PRINTER, JOYSTICK AND KEYBOARD, CAN ALL BE PLACED INTO ONE OF THE THREE CATEGORIES MENTIONED ABOVE: и/о, MEMORY, AND PROCESSING. тHE KEYBOARD AND JOYSTICK ARE INPUT DEVICES BECAUSE THEY TAKE INFORMATION FROM THE OUTSIDE WORLD AND SEND IT TO THE COMPUTER JUST AS YOUR EYES AND EARS COLLECT OUTSIDE INFORMATION AND SEND IT TO YOUR BRAIN. тHE MONITOR AND PRINTER ARE OUTPUT DEVICES BECAUSE THEY TAKE INFORMATION FROM THE COMPUTER AND SEND IT OUT TO THE OUTSIDE WORLD, JUST AS YOU DO WHEN YOU TALK OR WRITE. тHE DRIVES, CASSETTE PLAYER, MEMORY EXPANSION UNITS AND CARTRIDGES ARE MEMORY DEVICES. тHEY 'REMEMBER' PROGRAMMING FOR USE BY THE COMPUTER WHEN NEEDED. тHE FOCAL POINT FOR ALL OF THESE DEVICES IS THE PROCESSING PART OF YOUR COMPUTER, CALLED THE сыстем унит, WHERE THE COMPUTER DOES ITS THINKING. тHE SYSTEM UNIT, LIKE THE COMPUTER, CAN BE DIVIDED INTO PARTS WHICH FALL INTO THE SAME THREE CATEGORIES AS BEFORE: и/о, MEMORY, AND PROCESSING. тHE MONITOR, KEYBOARD, DRIVES AND OTHER COMPONENTS MUST BE CONNECTED (OR интерфацед) TO THE SYSTEM UNIT SOMEHOW, AND THE AREA WHERE THESE THINGS INTERFACE IS CALLED THE и/о. тHE и/о OF THE SYSTEM UNIT CONTAINS (AMONG OTHER THINGS) THE соунд интерфаце дежице (сид CHIP) FOR MAKING SOUND EFFECTS AND MUSIC, AND THE жидео интерфаце цонтроллер (жиц CHIP) FOR OUTPUT TO THE MONITOR. ыOU MAY ALSO HAVE HEARD OF цомплеь интерфаце адапторс OR циа'S. тHE цOMMODORE 64 HAS TWO циа'S AND THEY ARE LIKEWISE A PART OF THE и/о. тHE циа'S ARE USED TO INTERFACE THE KEYBOARD, JOYSTICKS, DRIVE, PRINTER, ETC., TO THE SYSTEM UNIT. тHE MEMORY STORES INFORMATION SO THAT IT MAY BE ACCESSED WHEN NEEDED. рандом аццесс меморы (рам) IS 'EMPTY' WHEN YOU FIRST TURN ON THE COMPUTER AND MUST BE 'FILLED' (PROGRAMMED) BEFORE YOU CAN USE IT. тHE PROGRAMS WHICH YOU LOAD INTO YOUR COMPUTER FROM YOUR DRIVE OR TYPE IN FROM THE KEYBOARD ARE STORED IN рам. оF COURSE рам CAN BE CHANGED (REPROGRAMMED) AT ANY TIME. рам IS SOMETIMES CALLED жолатиле MEMORY SINCE IT DISAPPEARS IN A FLASH IF THE POWER FAILS. реад онлы меморы (ром) IS PERMANENTLY PROGRAMED MEMORY WHICH NEVER DISAPPEARS AND CANNOT BE CHANGED. ыOUR COMPUTER'S ром WAS PROGRAMMED AT THE FACTORY AND THE ONLY WAY TO CHANGE THE PROGRAM IN ром IS TO PHYSICALLY OPEN THE COMPUTER AND REPLACE THE MEMORY CHIP. аLTHOUGH UNCHANGEABLE MEMORY MIGHT SOUND INCONVENIENT, THE COMPUTER IS ABSOLUTELY USELESS WITHOUT IT. вHEN YOU FIRST TURN ON YOUR COMPUTER IT COMES TO LIFE WITH RANDOM NUMBERS IN рам. иF ALL OF THE SYSTEM UNIT'S MEMORY WERE рам THEN THE COMPUTER WOULD BE THE ELECTRONIC EQUAL OF AN INSANE IDIOT. иT WOULD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO ACCESS OR CONTROL. ром CONTAINS THE оператинг сыстем WHICH PROVIDES THE SYSTEM WITH SUCH BASIC INSTINCTS AS READING DATA FROM THE KEYBOARD AND OUTPUTTING DATA TO THE SCREEN. тHE SYSTEM UNIT'S MEMORY IS DIVIDED INTO SECTIONS OR лоцатионс, AND EACH LOCATION IS ASSIGNED ITS OWN NUMBER, CALLED AN аддресс. аDDRESSES ARE USED BY THE COMPUTER TO аццесс THE MEMORY LOCATIONS. рECALL THAT THE GREATEST NUMBER THAT CAN BE REPRESENTED WITH ONE BYTE IS 255. оBVIOUSLY, THE цпу COULDN'T ACCESS MUCH MEMORY USING ONE-BYTE ADDRESSES, THEREFORE, тво-быте аддрессес ARE USED. тHESE ADDRESSES ARE NUMBERED FROM 0 ($0 IN HEX) TO 65,535 ($ф) FOR A TOTAL OF 65,536 LOCATIONS. бUT DON'T BE CONFUSED BY THESE TWO-BYTE ADDRESSES! еVEN THOUGH IT TAKES TWO BYTES TO аддресс A PARTICULAR MEMORY LOCATION, EACH LOCATION HOLDS ONLY оне быте OF DATA. хENCE, WHEN YOU STORE AN аддресс IN MEMORY IT TAKES тво меморы лоцатионс TO HOLD THE ADDRESS. кEEP THIS CONCEPT IN MIND BECAUSE IT вилл BE USED! нOW, IN THE ABOVE PARAGRAPH и SAID THAT THE SYSTEM UNIT'S меморы WAS DIVIDED INTO SMALL SECTIONS. бUT THE WORD 'MEMORY' IS USED IN A FIGURATIVE SENSE HERE SINCE нот алл MEMORY ADDRESSES CONTAIN ACTUAL MEMORY (THAT IS, рам OR ром). сOME OF THE ADDRESSES ARE THE SYSTEM UNIT'S и/о, AND и/о IS нот MEMORY! иF YOU WERE TO LOOK INTO ANY ADDRESS CONTAINING рам OR ром, YOU WOULD FIND ONE BYTE OF сторед DATA. иF YOU WERE TO LOOK INTO AN и/о LOCATION, THE DATA WOULD LOOK EXACTLY LIKE STORED MEMORY DATA, EXCEPT THAT IT ISN'T ACTUALLY STORED MEMORY DATA. иT IS и/о DATA AND IT ISN'T 'STORED'. иT'S JUST WHAT HAPPENED TO BE AT THAT LOCATION AT THE TIME YOU LOOKED AND THE DATA IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE FROM MOMENT TO MOMENT. тHE PART OF THE SYSTEM UNIT THAT DOES THE PROCESSING IS CALLED THE централ процессинг унит OR цпу, AND AS THE SYSTEM UNIT IS THE 'BRAIN' OF THE COMPUTER, SO THE цпу IS THE 'BRAIN' OF THE SYSTEM UNIT. тHIS IS THE PART OF THE SYSTEM UNIT WHICH ACTUALLY DOES THE WORK OF MOVING INFORMATION FROM и/о TO MEMORY AND BACK TO и/о AGAIN, AS WELL AS PERFORMING THE ADD, SUBTRACT, анд, ор, AND OTHER OPERATIONS. аND LIKE THE SYSTEM UNIT, THE цпу IS MADE OF SEVERAL PARTS WHICH FALL INTO THREE MAIN CATEGORIES. тHESE CATEGORIES ARE--YOU GUESSED IT--и/о, MEMORY, AND PROCESSING. тHIS MICRO-MINIATURE BRAIN IS THE SMALLEST BRAIN WE NEED LOOK AT, BUT SINCE IT IS WHAT мл IS ALL ABOUT WE WILL BE LOOKING AT IT IN GREAT DETAIL. уNDERSTANDING THE цпу WILL HELP YOU GREATLY IN LEARNING мл. едитор. тHIS IS ANOTHER OF THE ARTICLES IN гREGG хOOVER'S мACHINE лANGUAGE тUTORIAL. 'вHAT THE хECK иS A бIT?' APPEARED IN THE йANUARY, 1994, ISSUE OF цOMMODORE мAIлINK. трансферринг а═5 1/4 INCH диск то═тхе фд-4000 диск дриже BY вILLIAM х. мANN и BOUGHT AN фд-4000 FROM цREATIVE мICRO дESIGNS AND HAD TROUBLE TRANSFERRING 1541 FILES TO IT. сUPPORT FROM цмд WAS UNSATISFACTORY. и ASKED фENDER тUCKER AND йEFFREY йONES OF лоадстар FOR HELP, AND йEFF CAME THROUGH. хE PROVIDED INFORMATION ON PARTITIONS AND THEIR USES AND THE INSTRUCTIONS ON фд-тоолс'S FORMATTING AND PARTITIONING OPTIONS. а SUMMARY OF THE OPTIONS FOLLOWS. фORMATTING оPTIONS иF YOU PLAN ON HAVING 1541/71 EMULATION PARTITIONS ON AN фд-4000 DRIVE, YOU MUST USE фд-тоолс═TO FORMAT YOUR DISKS AND FORMAT THEM AS цмд, NOT цбм, тYPE DIRECTORIES. иF YOU SELECT A цмд PARTITION YOU'LL BE OFFERED TO CHOOSE DENSITY. ыOU цан FORMAT HIGH-QUALITY LOW DENSITY DISKS AS хд (HIGH DENSITY DISKS) WITHOUT HAVING TO BUY A хд NOTCHER. иF YOU'RE USING HIGH DENSITY DISKS, YOU'LL BE OFFERED: 1. а нATIVE PARTITION 2. а 1581 EMULATION PARTITION 3. нONE цHOOSE "NONE" IF YOU WANT TO ADD 1541/71 PARTITIONS. тHE DISK WILL BE FORMATTED BUT WILL BE USELESS UNTIL YOU CREATE SOME PARTITIONS. пARTITIONING═оPTIONS хERE IS WHERE YOU GO TO MIX AND MATCH PARTITIONS ON YOUR FORMATTED фд DISK. сELECT цреате═партитионс AND FOLLOW THE PROMPTS TO CREATE ALL THE PARTITIONS THAT YOU WANT (OR CAN FIT) ON THE DISK. вHEN YOU CHOOSE цреате═партитион, YOU'RE OFFERED THE CHANCE TO SELECT THE PARTITION NUMBER OF THE PARTITION YOU'LL BE CREATING. тHE NUMBER ALREADY THERE WILL BE THE LOWEST AVAILABLE. тO ACCEPT IT, HIT ретурн. нEXT YOU SELECT THE PARTITION TYPE: натиже 1541 1571 1581 уSE + AND - TO CHANGE THE TYPE AND ретурн TO ACCEPT. фд-тоолс WILL KEEP YOU ABREAST WITH THE NUMBER OF BLOCKS FREE FOR NEW PARTITIONS оNCE YOU CREATE A 1541 PARTITION, YOU CAN THEN USE мцопы (BUT NOT мAVERICK OR SOME OTHER FAST DISK COPIER, WHICH WERE NOT MADE TO DEAL WITH EMULATION PARTITIONS) TO COPY A 1541 DISK TO THAT PARTITION. мисинформатион═ватцх BY мAURICE йONES тHE MISINFORMATION: лARGE PARTS OF 'беттер басиц програмс' BY цAMERON кAISER, FEATURE ARTICLE OF THE йANUARY 1994 гAZETTE дISK. и AM TEMPTED TO SAY, 'иGNORE THE WHOLE THING.' хOWEVER и TRY TO PROVIDE MORE THAN OPINION. лET US ASSUME THAT 1 гет═а$:ифа$<>>'з':гото1 IS A TYPO, SOMETHING WHICH HAPPENS TO US ALL. бUT THE STATEMENT 10 дим═ь$(32),фф$(17),а$,ь$,ц$, ь,ы,т SHOWS AN OBVIOUS LACK OF UNDERSTANDING. вHEN THE STATEMENT IS EXECUTED, THE TWO ARRAYS ARE PLACED AT THE END OF THE басиц PROGRAM AND THEN MOVED WHEN еацх SIMPLE VARIABLE IS READ. тRY THE FOLLOWING TWO PROGRAMS: 10 з9=ти 20 дим═ь$(320),фф$(17),а$,ь$,ц$, ь,ы,т 30 принт ти-з9 10 з9=ти 20 дим═а$,ь$,ц$,ь,ы,т,ь$(320), фф$(17) 30 принт ти-з9 тHE VARIABLE ти READS THE JIFFY CLOCK AND THE NUMBER PRINTED BY LINE 30 IS THE NUMBER OF JIFFIES (1/60 SECOND) REQUIRED FOR LINE 20. тHE ASSERTION THAT THE COMPUTER 'HAS MORE TIME TO DEVOTE TO YOUR ROUTINE' AFTER GARBAGE COLLECTION, FORCED BY фре(ь), IS NONSENSE, AND WHEN COUPLED WITH THE INFERENCE THAT A LARGE NUMBER OF ARRAYS AFFECTS GARBAGE COLLECTION, HIS USE OF THE STATEMENT 30 принт═ц$+б$+а$ SHOWS AN IGNORANCE OF THE SUBJECT OF GARBAGE COLLECTION. тHE TRUTH IS THAT WHETHER OR NOT GARBAGE COLLECTION HAS OCCURRED DOES NOT AFFECT THE SPEED OF ANY OTHER ROUTINE. тHE принт STATEMENT CAUSES SEVERAL STRINGS TO BE STORED AT THE TOP OF басиц FOR NO REASON, INEFFICIENT TO SAY THE LEAST. тHE STATEMENT 30 принт ц$б$а$ YIELDS THE SAME RESULT WITH NO MEMORY USE. иN бытес, лOADSTAR #65, и PROVIDED EVIDENCE THAT MANY OF THE STATEMENTS COMMONLY FOUND IN THE LITERATURE ABOUT THE SPEED OF VARIOUS басиц OPERATIONS ARE SUSPECT. иF YOU REALLY WANT TO KNOW WHETHER MULTIPLYING BY ONE-TENTH IS FASTER THAN DIVIDING BY TEN, RUN THE FOLLOWING TWO PROGRAMS. 10 з9=ти 20 фори=1то1000:ь=27/10:неьт 30 принт ти-з9 10 з9=ти 20 фори=1то1000:ь=27*.1:неьт 30 принт ти-з9 оN лOADSTAR #66 и EXPLAINED HOW STRINGS ARE HANDLED BY басиц AND HOW GARBAGE COLLECTION WORKS. сINCE THAT TIME и HAVE CONTINUED TO STUDY GARBAGE COLLECTION AND NOW MY STATEMENT IS, 'гARBAGE COLLECTION IS SIMPLY THE NAME GIVEN TO THE METHOD BY WHICH ц-64 басиц HANDLES DYNAMIC STRINGS AND IS A CLEVER DEVICE, CONTRARY TO CONVENTIONAL WISDOM. иF ONE UNDERSTANDS IT AND PROGRAMS ACCORDINGLY, IT IS NOT A PROBLEM.' пLEASE UNDERSTAND THAT и DO NOT SUPPORT ANY STATEMENTS IN THE ARTICLE JUST BECAUSE и DID NOT COMMENT ON THEM. тHE ARTICLE IS BEST IGNORED BY ASPIRING басиц PROGRAMMERS. дISK дRIVE тROUBLES AND A рECOMMENDATION BY бRUCE кURSON и WAS HAVING ALL KINDS OF TROUBLE WITH MY DISK DRIVE. и SENT IT TO тYCOM, иNC. 503 еAST сT., пITTSFIELD ма, 01201. иT TOOK THEM A COUPLE OF WEEKS TO FIND OUT THAT NOTHING WAS WRONG WITH THE DISK DRIVE; IT WAS MY COMPUTER. и WOULD NEVER HAVE GUESSED, CONSIDERING THAT и COULD STILL USE THE DATASETTE AND CARTRIDGES. и GUESS THAT IS PRETTY GOOD BECAUSE AT LEAST IT MEANS THEY WERE HONEST ENOUGH NOT TO 'фиь' SOMETHING THAT WAS NOT REALLY WRONG AND CHARGE ME FOR IT. тHEY DID ACT VERY PROFESSIONAL AND и WOULD RECOMMEND THEM. тHEY EVEN TOLD ME WHICH CHIP WAS PROBABLY BAD IN MY COMPUTER. фром пунцх цард мацхинес то персонал цомпутерс BY вALTER л. йOHNSON цхаптер 1-ин тхе бегиннинг тHE FIRST COMPUTER ROOM и EVER SAW WAS EMPTY. и HAD JUST STARTED TO WORK AT AN ARMY INSTALLATION AS A пUNCH цARD мACHINE оPERATOR тRAINEE. фRESH OUT OF COLLEGE, JUST MARRIED, NO JOB, AND A FRIEND IN PERSONNEL WHO HAD GIVEN ME A TIP THAT THE INSTALLATION WAS HIRING PEOPLE IN ANTICIPATION OF INSTALLING A COMPUTER. мY COLLEGE DEGREE MAJOR WAS иNDUSTRIAL аRTS BUT и NEEDED A JOB NOW SO THIS WOULD HAVE TO DO UNTIL SOMETHING BETTER CAME ALONG. аS IT TURNED OUT, NOTHING BETTER CAME ALONG FOR THE NEXT 25 YEARS UNTIL RETIREMENT. еVENTUALLY, IN 1960, THE ибм рамац 305 COMPUTER WAS BROUGHT IN, HOOKED UP, CHECKED OUT, AND WE BEGAN A UNIQUE ADVENTURE IN THE WORLD OF COMPUTERS. тHE PROGRAMS WERE A COMBINATION OF ALPHABETIC, NUMERIC, AND SPECIAL CHARACTERS STORED ON, AND READ FROM, A REVOLVING MAGNETIC DRUM, AND A LARGE PLUGBOARD MEASURING APPROXIMATELY SIXTEEN BY THIRTY INCHES FILLED WITH WIRES. сOME OF THE PLUGBOARDS WERE SO FILLED WITH WIRES THAT THE ACCESS DOOR THROUGH WHICH THEY WERE INSERTED WOULD HARDLY CLOSE. тHERE WAS A DISK STORAGE OF ABOUT TWENTY DISKS IN A LARGE CABINET ABOUT THE SIZE OF A TELEPHONE BOOTH THROUGH WHICH COULD BE SEEN A READ/WRITE ARM MOVED BY CABLES THROUGH ELECTRIC MOTORS AND HYDRAULIC CYLINDERS. иT WAS FASCINATING TO WATCH THAT SINGLE ARM MOVE IN AND OUT, UP AND DOWN, AS IT ACCESSED THE VARIOUS RECORDS ON THE TRACKS AND SECTORS. ыES, TRACKS AND SECTORS EVEN THEN. мY JOB AS пUNCH цARD мACHINE оPERATOR (NO LONGER A TRAINEE AFTER SIX MONTHS) WAS TO PREPARE THE PUNCH CARDS AS INPUT TO THE COMPUTER AND PROCESS THE PUNCH CARD OUTPUT FROM THE COMPUTER INTO THE PROPER CARD FORMAT AND SEQUENCE. тHE COMPUTER ROOM BECAME A SHOWCASE FOR VISITING DIGNITARIES TO THE аRMY INSTALLATION. иT WAS IMPRESSIVE TO WATCH THE BANKS OF LIGHTS ON THE CONSOLE BLINK AS THE PROGRAM INSTRUCTIONS WERE EXECUTED AND WATCH THE DISK ACCESS ARM MOVE ABOUT QUICKLY AND HEAR THE TWO CARD PUNCHES CHOMPING HOLES IN THE PUNCHED CARDS. вHEN ASKED BY FRIENDS AND RELATIVES WHAT WE DID AT WORK, WE WERE QUICK TO INFORM THEM THAT 'WE WORK WITH A COMPUTER'. тHE AMBITION OF MANY пUNCH цARD оPERATORS WAS TO SOME DAY BE A цомпутер оператор! а DREAM NOT THOUGHT ATTAINABLE BY SOME WAS TO SOME DAY BE A цомпутер программер! лITTLE DID WE KNOW THAT IN THE YEARS AHEAD, MANY OF US WOULD ATTAIN THOSE GOALS AND EVEN BEYOND. вE BEGAN TO LOSE SOME OF THE AWE TOWARD COMPUTERS WHEN THE ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL PARTS BEGAN TO WEAR OUT. фOR YOU SEE, THE INSIDES CONTAINED VACUUM TUBES AND ELECTRO-MECHANICAL SWITCHES AND HYDRAULIC CYLINDERS AND CABLES AND OTHER COMPONENTS THAT BEGAN TO FAIL. тHEN WE BEGAN TO REALIZE, 'хEY, THESE THINGS ARE HUMAN AFTER ALL, THEY CAN MAKE MISTAKES JUST LIKE US!' вE BEGAN TO COPE WITH THE MISTAKES AND OFTEN COULD PREDICT AND HEAD OFF SOME OF THE PROBLEMS. аS THE YEARS WENT BY, THE WORD COMPUTER LOST ITS IMPACT AND WE SETTLED INTO USING ITS TALENTS UNTIL IT BECAME SATURATED WITH WORKLOAD AND PLANS BEGAN TO BE MADE FOR ITS REPLACEMENT. а NEW GENERATION OF COMPUTERS WAS NOW AVAILABLE WITH NEWER AND MORE RELIABLE COMPONENTS AND WITH A MEMORY (WHATEVER THAT WAS) AND FASTER ACCESS TIME. оH, WELL, WE WOULD ADAPT AS YOU WILL SEE. цхаптер 2-пунцхед цард мацхинес еVEN THOUGH WE HAD A COMPUTER, ITS SOURCE OF INPUT AND MUCH OF THE OUTPUT CONSISTED OF PUNCHED CARDS. тHOSE OF YOU READERS WHO ARE NOT 'CHRONOLOGICAL ENHANCED' (це) MAY NOT REMEMBER THE GAS BILL COMING IN THE FORM OF A CARD WITH HOLES IN IT. ыOU це'S MAY HAVE WONDERED WHAT THE HOLES WERE FOR. цHANCES ARE, THOSE HOLES WERE PUT THERE BY A CARD PUNCH FROM EITHER A COMPUTER OR A PUNCH CARD MACHINE RELATED TO A COMPUTER. фOR THOSE OF US WHOSE JOB IT WAS TO HANDLE THOSE CARDS, WE COULD READ THE HOLES AND TELL YOU WHAT THEY MEANT. тHE PATTERNS OF HOLES IN THE CARDS REPRESENTED THE NUMBERS 0-9, THE LETTERS а-з, AND SPECIAL CHARACTERS SUCH AS PERIOD (.), COMMA (,), QUESTION MARK (?), ASTERISK (*), ETC. тHERE WERE 80 COLUMNS ON A CARD WHICH MEANT YOU COULD HAVE A TOTAL OF 80 CHARACTERS REPRESENTED ON ONE CARD. еACH COLUMN CONTAINED SPACE FOR 12 HOLES, OR LACK OF THEM. тHE TOP THREE HOLES WERE KNOWN AS 'ZONE' PUNCHES. тHE TOPMOST WAS THE '12 ZONE', SECOND FROM TOP WAS '11 ZONE' (ALSO KNOWN AS 'ь' PUNCH), AND THIRD FROM TOP WAS '0 (ZERO) ZONE. тHEN BEGINNING WITH THE 4TH PUNCH FROM THE TOP WAS THE '1' DOWN TO THE '9', THE BOTTOM PUNCH. нOW THIS BRINGS UP THE QUESTION, WHEN IS A ZERO (0) A ZONE AND WHEN IS IT A ZERO (0)? сIMPLE ANSWER, WHEN IT IS PUNCHED BY ITSELF, IT IS A ZERO (0), WHEN IT IS PUNCHED IN CONJUNCTION WITH ANOTHER PUNCH, IT IS A ZONE PUNCH. тO EXPAND THIS CONCEPT FOR YOUR UNDERSTANDING, THE NUMERICS 0-9 WERE REPRESENTED BY PUNCHING A HOLE IN A COLUMN AT THE 0-9 LEVEL. фOR ALPHABETIC CHARACTERS IT TOOK A COMBINATION OF TWO HOLES. а THROUGH и REQUIRED A 12 ZONE AND A 1-9, й THROUGH р REQUIRED AN 11 ZONE AND A 1-9, с THROUGH з REQUIRED A 0 ZONE AND 2-9. рIGHT AWAY, YOU WONDER WHAT HAPPENED TO THE 0/1. тURNS OUT, THAT REPRESENTED THE SPECIAL CHARACTER / (SLASH). мOST SPECIAL CHARACTERS REQUIRED THREE PUNCHES, I. E. THE COMMA (,) WAS 0,3,8. аS пUNCH цARD мACHINE оPERATORS, THE TERM 'DECK OF CARDS' TOOK ON A WHOLE NEW MEANING. а DECK OF CARDS COULD BE FROM 2 CARDS TO 20,000 CARDS THOUGH A DECK OF 20,000 WAS COMMONLY KNOWN AS A FILE INTO WHICH A DECK WOULD BE MERGED. тHE VARIOUS INPUT AND OUTPUT CARD DECKS REQUIRED SORTING INTO DIFFERENT SEQUENCES, MERGING WITH OTHER TYPES OF CARDS OR INTO FILES, INTERPRETING AND PRINTING THE PUNCHED INFORMATION ONTO THE CARDS THEMSELVES, AND READING AND SUMMARIZING INTO PRINTED REPORTS. тHIS WAS DONE WITH VARIOUS PUNCH CARD MACHINES, THUS OUR JOB. сUPPOSE YOU HAVE THREE CARDS WITH THREE DIFFERENT STOCK NUMBERS WHOSE PUNCHED HOLES MUST BE INTERPRETED AND PRINTED FOR YOUR CUSTOMER TO READ, COPIES MUST BE MADE FOR YOUR OWN RECORDS AND MERGED INTO YOUR FILE OF TRANSACTIONS FOR THE DAY, AND THE DAILY TRANSACTION REPORT PRINTED. хERE'S A TYPICAL WAY OF DOING ALL THIS: 1) иNTERPRETER - RUN THE CARDS THROUGH THIS MACHINE TO READ THE PUNCHED HOLES AND PRINT INFORMATION ON THE CARDS. (тHOUGH YOU CAN READ THE HOLES, IT IS STILL QUICKER AND EASIER TO READ THE PRINTING.) 2) сORTER - SORT LOWEST DIGIT TO HIGHEST DIGIT, ONE COLUMN AT A TIME. еXAMPLE: NUMBERS ARE 238, 614, 119. ыOU SORT THE RIGHTMOST DIGIT FIRST, MAKING 614, 238, 119. сORT SECOND DIGIT SECOND MAKING 614, 119, 238. сORT THIRD DIGIT MAKING 119, 238, 614, THE CORRECT SEQUENCE. 3) рEPRODUCER - YOU MAKE A COPY OF THE CARD, EITHER AN EXACT DUPLICATE OR REARRANGING AND/OR ADDING/DELETING INFORMATION. тHIS MAY BE FOLLOWED BY ADDITIONAL INTERPRETING AND SORTING. 4) цOLLATOR - SOMETIMES THE THREE TRANSACTIONS WILL BE MERGED INTO A FILE WITH OTHER TRANSACTIONS, UPDATING YOUR TRANSACTION FILE. тHE COLLATOR WILL DO THIS UNDER CONTROL OF A PLUGBOARD WITH WIRES. 5) аCCOUNTING MACHINE - THE ACCOUNTING MACHINE CAN READ THE PUNCH CARDS, ANALYZE AND SUMMARIZE INTO TOTALS, AND PRINT A REPORT. иN ADDITION, A SUMMARY CARD MAY BE PUNCHED WHICH MAY START THE WHOLE CYCLE OVER FOR ANOTHER PURPOSE. оNE OF THE MOST UNPLEASANT TASKS A пUNCH цARD мACHINE оPERATOR WAS CALLED UPON TO DO OCCURRED WHEN ONE OF THE MACHINES MALFUNCTIONED AND JAMMED. тHIS USUALLY RESULTED IN TEARING AND BENDING FROM ONE TO HUNDREDS OF CARDS. тHE DATA ON THESE CARDS HAD TO BE RECREATED, THUS THE OPERATOR HAD TO RECONSTRUCT THE CARDS AS IF IN A JIGSAW PUZZLE AND REPUNCH ONE COLUMN AT A TIME. ыOU CAN UNDERSTAND NOW WHY THE PHRASE 'до нот фолд спиндле ор мутилате' WAS ON THE CARDS THAT YOU RECEIVED. цхаптер 3: фирст генератион то сецонд генератион дURING THE TRAINING SESSIONS LEADING TO THE SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS, THE INSTRUCTOR MENTIONED THAT THERE WERE NO PLUGBOARDS FOR THE NEW GENERATION OF COMPUTERS. тHIS WAS A NEW CONCEPT FOR MOST OF US AS THE FIRST GENERATION COMPUTER AND ALL THE пUNCH цARD мACHINES HAD PLUGBOARDS WITH MANY WIRES. хOW WOULD YOU TELL THE COMPUTER WHAT YOU WANTED IT TO DO IF THERE WERE NO WIRES? тHE ANSWER, A MEMORY! нOW THERE IS A NEW CONCEPT! хOW COULD A INANIMATE OBJECT HAVE A MEMORY AND HOW COULD IT BE CHANGED TO DO THE DIFFERENT TASKS IT MUST DO? тHE SECOND GENERATION OF COMPUTERS CONSISTED OF A SMALL AND A MEDIUM SCALE MAINFRAME WITH PERIPHERALS. тHE SMALL COMPUTER HAD 4K MEMORY, LATER UPDATED TO 8K, THE MEDIUM SCALE COMPUTER HAD 40K, LATER UPDATED TO 80K, EIGHT MAGNETIC TAPE DRIVES, FOUR OF WHICH WERE SWITCHABLE BETWEEN COMPUTERS, A HIGH SPEED PRINTER AND CARD PUNCH FOR EACH COMPUTER, AND AN UNLIMITED (HA-HA) DISK STORAGE DEVICE FOR THE MEDIUM SCALE COMPUTER. тHE DISK STORAGE DEVICE EVEN HAD A READ/WRITE ARM FOR EACH DISK. бY NOW, SOME OF THE пUNCH цARD мACHINE оPERATORS HAD BEEN PROMOTED TO цOMPUTER оPERATORS AND THE RESPONSIBILITIES AND PROBLEMS THEREWITH. тHE PROGRAMS WERE NOW PUNCHED INTO CARD DECKS OR STORED ON THE MAGNETIC TAPE OR DISK STORAGE DEVICE. тHE PROGRAMS RAN MUCH FASTER, THOUGH THERE WAS STILL MUCH CARD INPUT AND OUTPUT. лARGER FILES WERE STORED ON THE MAGNETIC TAPE OR DISK STORAGE. тHIS REDUCED THE AMOUNT OF CARD FILES BUT ADDITIONAL APPLICATIONS REPLACED ANY PERSONNEL AND TIME SAVINGS. а PROGRAMMING лангуаге CALLED аутоцодер WAS USED TO TELL THE COMPUTER WHAT TO DO. тHIS WAS A SHORTHAND WHICH DIRECTED THE COMPUTER'S ACTIONS. тHE аутоцодер INSTRUCTIONS WERE TRANSLATED INTO MACHINE LANGUAGE AND STORED IN THE MEMORY AND EXECUTED. оNE COULD ACTUALLY SEE THE MEMORY, A BOX OF LITTLE METAL DOUGHNUTS STRUNG ON WIRES. тEMPERATURE WAS VERY CRITICAL, TOO HOT OR TOO COOL AND THE MEMORY DID NOT WORK CORRECTLY. вHEN A PROGRAM DID NOT WORK CORRECTLY, WHETHER PROGRAMMING OR HARDWARE, AND THE COMPUTER HUNG UP, IT WAS SAID TO HAVE 'CRASHED'. тHE COMMENT FROM THE PROGRAMMERS WAS USUALLY, 'пROGRAMS ARE LIKE AIRPLANES, YOU ONLY HEAR ABOUT THE ONES THAT CRASH'. едитор: тHIS IS THE FIRST HALF OF A SIX-CHAPTER STORY 1541 ноисе BY бOB еSTAND иN THE сEPTEMBER мAIлINK, кEN бRONSON HAD A QUESTION ABOUT CHATTERING IN 1541ц DISK DRIVES. и HAD OWNED SEVERAL 1541S OVER THE YEARS, AND THEIR NORMAL OPERATION WAS QUIET. рECENTLY и ACQUIRED A 1541ц THAT EXHIBITED THE 'FORMATTING NOISE' кEN DESCRIBED. и CONSIDERED THIS ABNORMAL AND CERTAINLY NOT GOOD FOR HEAD ALIGNMENT. и WAS FAMILIAR WITH THE SOLUTION DESCRIBED IN THE 1989 сPECIAL ISSUE OF рун. и OPENED THE DRIVE AND LOCATED A DESIGNATION ON THE PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD LISTED й-3. тHIS WAS VERY CLOSE TO THE LARGE MULTIPLE PLUG-IN CONNECTOR ON THE BOARD. иT IS A CIRCLE ABOUT 1/8 INCH IN DIAMETER, OF SILVER CONDUCTIVE MATERIAL. тHE CIRCLE IS DIVIDED IN HALF, WITH A SMALL RIBBON OF MATERIAL CONNECTING THE TWO HALVES. ыOU MAY BE FAMILIAR WITH THE METHOD OF CHANGING THE DRIVE FROM 8 TO 9 BY CUTTING THE STRAP. и CUT THE STRAP, SEPARATING THE CIRCLE HALVES WITH A SHARP еXACTO KNIFE. иF THIS DIDN'T WORK, и COULD REDO THE CONNECTION WITH A DROP OF SOLDER. тHERE WAS NO 'WIRE TO TAPE' AS MENTIONED IN THE 'HELPFUL HINT' ARTICLE IN рун. тHIS 'WIRE' MAY OR MAY NOT BE FOUND IN OTHER UNITS. аFTER и CUT THE STRAP, THE UNIT IS NOW QUIET ON TURN-ON AND HAS BEEN PERFORMING PERFECTLY EVER SINCE THE 'OPERATION' ON ITS INNARDS. и WOULD APPRECIATE HEARING WHAT RESULTS ANYONE ELSE HAD WITH THIS MODIFICATION. моусе/йоыстицк свитцх BY йOEY хOLMAN и'M SURE MOST OF US WHO USE A MOUSE AND A JOYSTICK HAVE HAD THE ANNOYING TASK OF PLUGGING, UNPLUGGING AND SWAPPING PORTS FOR DIFFERENT PROGRAMS. мY SOLUTION WAS TO BUY TWO 9-PIN аб TYPE SWITCHES. и USE ONE TO SWITCH BETWEEN MOUSE AND JOYSTICK AND THE OTHER TO SELECT PORT ONE OR PORT TWO. тHESE ARE FAIRLY EASY TO FIND, EITHER IN COMPUTER STORES OR BY MAIL ORDER. иF YOU DON'T LIVE NEAR A COMPUTER STORE, JUST PICK UP A COPY OF цOMPUTER сHOPPER AND YOU WILL FIND DOZENS OF MAIL ORDER COMPANIES THAT OFFER THEM. и GOT MINE FOR UNDER TEN DOLLARS EACH. ыOU WILL ALSO NEED SOME 9-PIN CABLES. тHE SWITCHES USUALLY COME WITH FEMALE CONNECTIONS, SO YOU WILL NEED TWO MALE-TO-FEMALE CABLES TO CONNECT TO THE JOYSTICK PORTS, ONE MALE-TO-MALE CABLE TO CONNECT THE TWO BOXES TOGETHER. аND IF YOU WANT TO EXTEND YOUR MOUSE AND JOYSTICK CABLES, YOU WILL NEED EITHER TWO MALE-TO-MALE CABLES OR TWO MALE-TO-MALE GENDER CHANGERS. тHIS WILL MAKE SWITCHING BETWEEN PORTS AND INPUT DEVICES QUICK AND EASY. аLSO, SINCE NEITHER JOYSTICK PORT IS LEFT OPEN, THERE IS NO DANGER OF DAMAGE. тHERE ARE A COUPLE OF DRAWBACKS HOWEVER. иF YOU ALREADY HAVE A CLUTTERED DESK, YOU MAY NOT HAVE ROOM FOR THE MESS OF CABLES BEHIND THE BOXES. аLSO, IF YOU USE TWO JOYSTICKS OR PLAN TO USE ANOTHER DEVICE SUCH AS A PADDLE ON OCCASION, THIS SOLUTION CAN BE MORE IRRITATING THAN IT IS HELPFUL. вANT TO цREATE ыOUR оWN фAMILY тREE? BY дAN фABER хAVE YOU EVER WONDERED WHERE YOUR GRANDPARENTS OR GREAT GRANDPARENTS WERE BORN OR IN WHAT TOWN THEY MET, COURTED, AND RAISED THEIR CHILDREN? тHE ABORIGINAL CLAIMS, WHICH WE HEAR SO MUCH ABOUT TODAY, SHOULD MAKE US THINK HARD ABOUT WHAT COUNTY OR CONTINENT OUR FAMILIES HAVE ROOTS IN. иF YOU HAVE ANY INTEREST OR NEED TO RESEARCH YOUR FAMILY HISTORY, THEN и RECOMMEND YOU START TALKING TO SOME OF YOUR OLDER UNCLES, AUNTS, OR GRANDPARENTS. тHEN OBTAIN A COPY OF пEDIGREE 3.0 TO ALLOW YOU TO ORGANIZE YOUR FAMILY HISTORY DATA. пEDIGREE 3.0 IS A SHAREWARE PROGRAM OCCUPYING BOTH SIDES OF A 5 1/4 INCH DISK THAT ALLOWS GENEALOGICAL DATA TO BE ORGANIZED, SAVED, AND PRINTED. аLTHOUGH IT CONSISTS OF TWENTY MODULES, и USE ONLY FIVE ON A REGULAR BASIS: 1. пEDIGREE дб, 2. цHARTMAKER, 3. цHARTPRINTER, 4. рECORDMAKER, AND 5. рECORDPRINTER. тHE FIRST ITEM OF BUSINESS IS TO SET UP THE SYSTEM ACCORDING TO YOUR HARDWARE ARRANGEMENT, I.E., ONE DRIVE, TWO DRIVES, ETC. тHE NEXT PROCEDURE IS TO FORMAT TWO DIFFERENT DATA DISKS, I.E., A DATA DISK FOR USE MAINLY WITH THE пEDIGREE дб MODULE, AND A NON-DATA DISK FOR USE MAINLY WITH THE цHARTMAKER, цHARTPRINTER, рECORDMAKER, AND рECORDPRINTER MODULES. а туториал PROGRAM WILL TAKE YOU THROUGH THE ENTIRE SYSTEM TO HELP YOU WITH THE MODULES. педигрее дб IS THE DATA STORAGE AND MAINTENANCE PROGRAM FOR THE SYSTEM. иTS MENU INCLUDES: 1) аппенд, 2) делете, 3) сеарцх, 4) хелп, 5) басиц, 6) ресет, AND 7) мену. аPPEND IS USED TO ADD DATA TO THE FAMILY DATABASE. дELETE IS USED TO DELETE AN INDIVIDUAL (ALL THE DATA COMPILED FOR A PERSON). сEARCH IS USED TO ADD AND CHANGE VITAL STATISTICS FOR AN INDIVIDUAL (VITAL STATISTICS FOR A PERSON INCLUDE: NAME, DATE OF BIRTH, PLACE OF BIRTH, DATE CHRISTENED OR BAPTIZED, DATE OF MARRIAGE, PLACE OF MARRIAGE, DATE OF DEATH, PLACE OF DEATH, AND SPOUSE). иN THE 'еDIT мODE' SPELLING CAN BE CHANGED, A DATE ADDED OR CHANGED, ETC. хELP IS USED TO GIVE SOME GUIDANCE IF YOU HAVE FORGOTTEN THE COMMANDS. бASIC IS USED TO EXIT THE PROGRAM AND RETURN TO THE бASIC SCREEN. рESET IS USED TO MOVE FROM ONE MENU ON ONE SIDE OF THE PROGRAM DISK TO THE OTHER SIDE. мENU IS USED TO RETURN TO THE мAIN мENU OF THE SYSTEM IN ORDER TO SELECT ANOTHER MODULE. цхартмакер IS USED TO CREATE A FAMILY TREE FOR ALL THE NAMES COLLECTED. иT OBTAINS THE DATA FROM THE пEDIGREE дб DATABASE. иTS MENU INCLUDES: 1) маке, 2) принтер, 3) басиц, AND 4) мену. сELECT мAKE TO CREATE A BASIC FAMILY HISTORY TREE FOR YOU AND YOUR DIRECT ANCESTORS AND DESCENDANTS. тHIS CHART PROVIDES SPACE FOR ONE PERSON, A MOTHER AND FATHER, TWO PAIRS OF GRANDPARENTS AND FOUR PAIRS OF GREAT GRANDPARENTS. бROTHERS AND SISTERS, UNCLES AND AUNTS, COUSIN AND SECOND COUSIN, ETC. GO ON FAMILY GROUP FORMS AVAILABLE FROM THE рECORDMAKER AND рECORDPRINTER MODULES, DESCRIBED BELOW. пRINTER IS USED TO LOAD THE цHARTPRINTER MODULE AND PRINTS THE CHART THAT HAS JUST BEEN CREATED. цхартпринтер CAN BE LOADED EITHER DIRECTLY FROM THE мAIN мENU OR FROM THE цHARTMAKER MODULE. иTS MENU INCLUDES: 1) бланкформ, 2) лоад форм, 3) упдате, 4) саже форм, 5) принт, 6) басиц, AND 7) мену. бLANKFORM CAN BE SELECTED TO BRING INTO MEMORY A CHART WHICH IS COMPLETELY EMPTY. хERE A CHART CAN BE 'MADE' BY TYPING IN ALL DATA, CONSEQUENTLY BYPASSING THE METHOD OF CREATING A CHART WITH USE OF THE пEDIGREE дб AND цHARTMAKER MODULES. лOAD фORM IS USED TO LOAD VARIOUS FORMS WHICH HAVE BEEN CREATED AND SAVED ON A NON-DATA DISK. уPDATE IS USED TO EDIT THE фAMILY рECORD FORM WHICH WAS PREVIOUSLY CREATED OR TO CREATE A NEW CHART. тHE ENTIRE FORM IS ACCESSIBLE ON THE SCREEN AND NAMES AND NUMBERS CAN BE CHANGED AT WILL. сAVE фORM IS USED TO SAVE THE EDITING CHANGES MADE WITH уPDATE. рецордмакер IS LOADED FROM THE мAIN мENU AND OBTAINS THE DATA FROM THE пEDIGREE дб DATA DISK. иTS MENU INCLUDES: 1) маке, 2) принтер, 3) басиц, AND 4) мену. мAKE IS USED TO CREATE фAMILY рECORDS FOR YOU, YOUR ANCESTORS, AND YOUR DESCENDANTS. тHIS FAMILY RECORD FORM ALLOWS CHILDREN TO BE RECORDED, INCLUDING DATE AND PLACE OF BIRTH, DATE AND PLACE OF MARRIAGE, VITAL STATISTICS OF PARENTS AND NAMES OF GRANDPARENTS. тHE REMAINING ITEMS ON THE MENU ARE SIMILAR TO THOSE FOR цHARTMAKER, DESCRIBED ABOVE. мOST FAMILY RECORDS IN MY FAMILY ARE NOT INCLUDED IN THE пEDIGREE дб DATABASE, SO и CREATE MOST фAMILY рECORDS WITH THE рECORDPRINTER MODULE, DESCRIBED BELOW. рецордпринтер CAN ONLY BE LOADED FROM рECORDMAKER. иTS MENU INCLUDES: 1) бланкформ, 2) лоад форм, 3) упдате, 4) саже форм, 5) принт, 6) басиц, AND 7) мену. тHE FUNCTIONS OF THESE SELECTIONS ARE SIMILAR TO THAT OF цHARTMAKER, DESCRIBED ABOVE. тHIS PROGRAM, пEDIGREE 3.0, CAN BE DOWNLOADED FROM я-лINK OR OBTAINED FROM A MEMBER WHO HAS IT IN HIS/HER COLLECTION. иF THE 'тUTORIAL' AND 'рEAD IT' FILES FOR EACH MODULE ARE NOT EXPLANATION ENOUGH, ONE CAN WRITE TO ME OR SOMEONE ELSE WHO HAS EXPERIENCE WITH THE PROGRAM. тHE AUTHOR HAS GIVEN UP SUPPORT OF THIS сHAREWARE PROGRAM. и HIGHLY RECOMMEND пEDIGREE 3.0 TO HELP WITH FAMILY HISTORY RESEARCH. бобстерм про BY йEAN нANCE 'бOBSTERM пRO', AVAILABLE IN VERSIONS FOR THE ц-64 AND THE ц-128 IS ONE OF THE FEW COMMERCIAL TERMINAL PROGRAMS FOR TELECOMMUNICATION. тHERE ARE A LOT OF TERM PROGRAMS WHICH ARE PUBLIC DOMAIN, AND A FEW ARE OUTSTANDING. и HAVE USED SEVERAL OF THEM, BUT MY CHOICE IS бOBSTERM. тHIS REVIEW COULD GO ON FOR SEVERAL PAGES IF и DESCRIBED ALL THE FEATURES. и WILL MERELY TELL HOW и USE IT AND THE FEATURES и USE. и OWN BOTH бOBSтERM пRO 64 (бт 64) AND бOBSTERM пRO 128, (бт 128). тHE DIFFERENCES ARE MINOR. вHEN THE PROGRAM LOADS и GO THROUGH A COUPLE OF MENUS TO THE 'PHONE BOOK'. тHIS LISTS EACH OF THE FOUR BULLETIN BOARDS и USE REGULARLY. ыOU MAY HAVE ANY NUMBER OF PHONE LISTINGS, LIMITED ONLY BY DISK SPACE FOR THE NEEDED FILES. сETTING UP A FILE IS EASY. ыOU SET UP PARAMETERS SUCH AS BAUD RATE FOR EACH BOARD, INCLUDING THE ф KEY STROKES WHICH WILL ENTER A DIFFERENT NAME, ENTRY CODE, ETC FOR EACH. ыOU CAN CHOOSE TO RING ONE BOARD OR SEVERAL. иF YOU CHOOSE SEVERAL, EACH WILL BE TRIED IN TURN UNTIL A BOARD IS FOUND WITH AN OPEN LINE. тHE BUFFER IN бт 64 IS 28,500 BYTES, THE BUFFER IN бт 128 IS 60,000 BYTES. ыOU CAN PUT MATERIAL INTO THE BUFFER FROM THE KEYBOARD OR LOAD IT IN FROM DISK, OR YOU CAN SAVE ANYTHING ON THE SCREEN WHILE YOU ARE ON-LINE TO THE BUFFER. аNYTHING IN THE BUFFER CAN BE ADDED TO A MESSAGE WITH A KEYSTROKE, OR IT CAN BE SAVED TO DISK OR PRINTED OUT ON A PRINTER. тHAT IS HOW и GET THE ITEMS THAT SOMETIMES APPEAR IN THE мAIлINK FROM VARIOUS BULLETIN BOARDS. и HAVE DONE SOME UPLOADING AND DOWNLOADING OF PROGRAM AND TEXT FILES USING бт, THE PROCEDURES ARE SIMPLE AND RUN FROM A MENU. иN ORDER TO ACCESS иNTERNET (сEE COMMENTS IN THE йANUARY мAIлINK), и NEEDED 'жт100 EMULATION'. и═CONFESS и HAVE NO IDEA WHAT THIS MEANS, BUT IT WAS VERY SIMPLE TO SET THE PARAMETERS FOR MY иNTERNET ACCESS TO THAT MODE. бт 64 APPARENTLY DOES NOT HAVE THAT FEATURE. тHE MANUALS ARE CLEAR AND WELL-ORGANIZED, ARE SPIRAL-BOUND, AND HAVE A HUNDRED OR MORE PAGES. тHEY ARE NOT INDEXED, BUT THE TABLE OF CONTENTS IS VERY COMPLETE. ыOU DO HAVE TO SPEND SOME TIME READING AND RE-READING THEM, и ADMIT, BUT THAT IS TRUE OF THE MANUAL FOR ALMOST ANY FULL-FEATURED PROGRAM. 'сOFTWARE сUPPORT иNTERNATIONAL' OFFERS бт 64 FOR $19.97, AND CALLS IT 'PROBABLY THE BEST TELECOMMUNICATION PROGRAM EVER WRITTEN FOR THE ц-64'. и CAN'T FIND A SOURCE FOR бт 128. иF IT IS NO LONGER BEING PRODUCED, IT IS A SHAME. ыOU COULD KEEP YOUR EYES OPEN FOR A USED COPY. реал тиме цлоцк BY хOWARD гOLD вHAT A LITTLE WONDER пROGRESSIVE пERIPHERAL'S ббртц OR бATTERY бACKED рEAL тIME цLOCK IS! иNSERTED INTO JOYSTICK PORT NO. 2, IT IS ABOUT ONE INCH BY THREE QUARTERS OF AN INCH AND CONSISTS OF A NINE-PIN FEMALE PLUG TO WHICH IS ATTACHED TWO LONG SCREWS AND A TINY BOX-LIKE ARRANGEMENT CONCEALED BENEATH A HEAVY COATING OF RUBBERLIKE MATERIAL THAT OBVIOUSLY ACTS AS INSULATION AND PROTECTION. тHE GADGET VAGUELY RESEMBLES A DONGLE AND, ONCE INSTALLED WITH THE AID OF A PROGRAM WRITTEN FOR IT, WORKS LIKE A CHARM. и DON'T KNOW HOW BUT, MAN, IT DOES! иT REALLY KEEPS ACCURATE TIME AND и CAN'T UNDERSTAND HOW SO TINY AN OBJECT CAN CONTAIN A CLOCK AND A BATTERY TO RUN IT. аND SO ACCURATELY! и TAKE MY HAT OFF TO пETER фISET, THE INVENTOR OF THIS LITTLE BEAUTY. аN рпи GRADUATE, HE'S BEEN CONTRIBUTING CLEVER PIECES OF EQUIPMENT FOR THE цOMMODORE COMPUTER FOR QUITE SOME TIME, AMONG WHICH ARE цмд'S рамдRIVE AND рамлINK. иT DOES HAVE ONE DRAWBACK HOWEVER. иTS PROGRAMS ARE WRITTEN FOR FORTY COLUMNS AND SO AFTER BOOTING гATEWAY, WHICH ONLY BOOTS IN EIGHTY COLUMNS, и HAVE TO SWITCH TO FORTY FOR THE CLOCK TO SET THE EXACT TIME TO THE SCREEN AND THEN BACK TO EIGHTY. бUT THAT'S MINOR AND HOPEFULLY, IF пETER SELLS ENOUGH OF THEM TO гATEWAY USERS, HE WILL WRITE THE PROGRAM FOR EIGHTY COLUMNS ALSO. оH YES, THERE ARE PROGRAMS INCLUDED TO WORK ON THE цOMMODORE 64; PROBABLY THAT'S WHY THE FORTY COLUMNS. цмд магазине аCCORDING TO A RUMOUR HEARD BY йEAN нANCE AND REPORTED TO ME (THE гUEST еDITOR), цREATIVE мICRO дESIGNS WILL BE PUBLISHING A MAGAZINE AND CAN BE CALLED ON AT AN 800 NUMBER BY ANYONE WISHING TO SUBSCRIBE. сPECIFIC DETAILS WILL BE GIVEN IN THE NEXT ISSUE OF цOMMODORE мAIлINK IF THEY CAN BE OBTAINED. нOTE BY йIM гREEN... тHE цмд MAGAZINE IS NAMED цоммодоре ворлд. тHE FIRST ISSUE WILL BE аPRIL 1, 1994. пRICE IS $29.95 A YEAR, (EIGHT ISSUES). тHE PHONE # IS 1-800-638-3263. лOOKS GOOD.... цбм ин троубле (REPORT BY йEAN нANCE) а COUPLE OF MESSAGES ON THE иNTERNET BULLETIN BOARD, цбм, ON йANUARY 30TH ARE OF INTEREST. йOHN мACдONALD, A SHAREHOLDER, REPORTED HE HAD RECEIVED A STATEMENT FROM THE COMPANY LISTING LARGE DEBTS AND A VERY SERIOUS FINANCIAL SITUATION. еVEN IF THE COMPANY COULD SELL OFF ALL ITS ASSETS, IT WOULD STILL BE 53 MILLION IN DEBT. тHEY ASKED SHAREHOLDERS TO SIGN A PROXY ALLOWING FOR DISSOLUTION, MERGER, OR LIQUIDATION OF THE COMPANY. йOHN'S CONCLUSION: 'еXPECT цOMMODORE TO GO BANKRUPT WITHIN A MONTH.' тONY бOSSALLER HAD A REBUTTAL. хE FEELS цOMMODORE IS IN NO WORSE SHAPE THAN IT HAS BEEN FOR SOME TIME AND THAT ITS DEBTS ARE NO WORSE THAN THOSE OF MANY COMPANIES. хE CHALLENGES йOHN'S STATEMENT THAT цмб STOCK IS $2 A SHARE BUT CLAIMS IT IS 3 1/8 AND HAS BEEN AT THAT LEVEL FOR SEVERAL MONTHS. аLSO, AS HE POINTS OUT, IF THE COMPANY SHOULD FOLD IT WOULDN'T MATTER MUCH TO MOST цOMMODORE USERS SINCE THEY NO LONGER SUPPORT OUR MACHINES ANYWAY. аNOTHER PERSON ON THE NET SUGGESTED SOME PEOPLE MIGHT WANT TO BUY UP A FEW 'SOUVENIR' SHARES.